A large portion of the SUS budget is allocated to the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In addition, this allocation is expected to increase due to the aging population and the growing incidence of diseases that lead to kidney failure. Given this context, conducting an economic evaluation of CKD treatments is essential to support the efficient and effective allocation of public resources, which is the motivation for this book. Readers will find a method for comparing the costs of two treatments for CKD: kidney transplantation (KT) and dialysis. The break-even point and the savings generated by KT over four years were calculated. In addition, the effectiveness achieved by these treatments was verified in the literature. The results indicate that RT is the best alternative, both from a clinical and economic point of view, for the main source of funding-the SUS. This demonstrates the need to optimize organ procurement methods and address factors that limit supply. This work is therefore essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students in management, especially public health.