This volume presents some of the latest advancements in the field of health and disease research. Chapter One deals with aberrant regulation of mTOR in hematological malignancies and the use of mTOR inhibitors in their treatment. Chapter Two explores synthetic and natural mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of cancer and other diseases caused by over-activation of mTOR. Chapter Three discusses various types of cancer, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, and their causes along with their significant signaling and effects. Chapter Four describes the structure of mTOR and mTOR upstream and downstream signaling pathways. Chapter Five relates various types of prostaglandins with processes like ovulation, luteolysis, implantation, menstrual cycle, parturition, fallopian tube motility along with associated metabolic processes. Lastly, Chapter Five addresses the subjects of compliance, adjuvants, aspects of individuals’ systemic health, and quality of life in connection with periodontal maintenance therapy.