This edited book documents new methods for measuring the composition and properties of petroleum and its fractions. Chapters from recognized experts explore advances in analytical instrumentation and methodologies that provide new insight into petroleum composition and properties. The improvement in measurement technology allows more accurate determination of the components, classes of compounds, properties, and features of petroleum. This enables better estimates of crude value to specific refinery configurations, insight into the proper processing schema for maximum net margin, better estimates of reservoir properties, and insight into the optimum development and extraction schemes.