This book, focusing on "Applied Geology in Minerals and Petroleum Exploration: An Overview of Issues and Evidence in Kenya," captures the major rocks and minerals commonly encountered in the region. It explains essential skills for the identification and description of common rock-forming minerals, which are integral to rock-forming processes. Understanding different subsurface geological and geophysical rock structures and types is also crucial in applied geology. This field encompasses dynamic Earth system processes, especially earthquakes, which can negatively affect human development in vulnerable areas.Petroleum exploration is a complex task involving the interpretation and integration of geoscientific information from indirect sources. Surface and subsurface information in the Kenya Rift Basins is primarily gathered from exploratory wells, geophysical surveys, and wireline drilled well-logs. Meticulous data interpretation and analysis from these sources are required before identifying prospective structures and locales for oil exploration. This involves prognostic evaluation of source-reservoir-seal targets over areas with favorable entrapment conditions.