This book contains a modern treatment of production economics from a dual perspective, with a special emphasis on recent developments in the field. The book prepares the reader to apply the tools and concepts of the dual approach production economics to real world problems and data sets. Among other topics covered are flexible function forms, aggregation across inputs and outputs using the theory of separable structures, aggregation over economic optimizing firms, the representation of multioutput technologies, and the analysis and measurement of technical change from both a primal and dual perspective.