Even though life expectancy increased in the last decades, ageing has been considered a strong risk factor for age-related diseases, disability and death. The further understanding of cellular and molecular aspects of ageing could predict the onset of diseases in advance, prevent functional decline and identify targets for interventions focused in healthy ageing.
The hypothesis that organismal ageing and dysfunction is influenced by the accumulation of senescent cells had origin in Hayflick and Moorhead results from cultured human fibroblasts. It was shown that fibroblasts presented a limited capacity for proliferation reaching thus the state of irreversible growth arrest (replicative senescence). In 2011, van Deusen et al. showed that p16
Ink4a
accumulation was associated with premature ageing in a mouse model and the inactivation of the p16
gene mitigated the ageing phenotype. Thus, the cell cycle arrest due to the expression of p16
and p21
CIP
(cell cycle inhibitors) is the main characteristic of senescence. In addition to cellular senescence, the hallmarks of ageing include genomic instability, telomere shortening , epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mihondrial dysfunction, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, and a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this book, researchers will comprehensively discuss relevant changes occurring at cellular and molecular levels (human and animal models) based on the hallmarks of ageing. The impact of lifestyle and benefits of physical activity and nutrition will be also discussed. Unravelling cellular and molecular aspects of ageing is crucial for the unanswered questions about ageing and for guiding interventions such as changes in lifestyle, senolytic (kills senescent cells), and senomorphic (interrupts deleterious intercellular communication) therapies.