The U.S. is currently faced with competing strategic objectives related to energy: energy supply security, economic sustainability and concerns over global climate change. Coal to Liquids (CTL) is a commercial process which converts coal into diesel fuel, producing a concentrated stream of CO2 as a byproduct. Coupling the process with carbon sequestration is relatively inexpensive and results in a fuel with appreciably less life cycle GHG emissions that the average U.S. petroleum-derived diesel. This book explores the CTL and Coal and Biomass to Liquids (CBTL) technologies, which as part of the U.S. energy portfolio, offer a balanced solution to the nation's transportation fuel dilemma, providing affordable fuels from domestic feedstocks, and enabling significant reduction in GHG emission.