Earth observation refers to the gathering of information about the physical, chemical and biological systems of the planet Earth. It involves monitoring and assessing the changes in the natural and manmade environments. Earth observation is performed via remote sensing satellites and various in-situ instruments. There are various types of Earth observation instruments such as radars and sonars, thermometers, wind gauges, ocean buoys, and seismometers. Different types of Earth observations include photographs, radar and sonar images, analyses of water and soil samples, and processed information such as forecasts, maps and models. The major applications of Earth observations are forecasting weather; predicting, adapting to and mitigating climate change; and addressing emerging diseases and other health risks. Apart from these, tracking biodiversity and wildlife trends, and measuring land-use change are also important applications of Earth observations. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the technology and innovation related to Earth observation. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Through this book, an attempt has been made to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this area of study.