Discrimination in International Investment Arbitration
provides an original and comprehensive treatment of the non-discrimination standards at the heart of many investment treaty cases. Drawing insights from US law, EU law, and international human rights courts, Risvas supplies key insights into arbitration tribunals' decisions on the interpretation and application of a wide scope of standards, including Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Treatment; National Treatment (NT); non-impairment clauses prohibiting arbitrary and/or discriminatory measures; Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET); and non-discrimination in the context of the Expropriation standard. Advancing normative suggestions for the application of non-discrimination standards, Risvas proposes a template for practitioners, policymakers, and adjudicators involved in investment treaty negotiations. The book is also a valuable resource for legal scholars, as it clarifies inconsistent arbitral practice and distils the key traits of discrimination claims.