1 The control of quality in the manufacture of flavourings.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Preamble to the System of Quality.- 1.3 Organisation to Achieve BS 5750 Accreditation.- 1.3.1 Commitment is Mandatory.- 1.3.2 The Driver.- 1.3.3 Management Project Team.- 1.3.4 Dedicated Word Processor.- 1.3.5 Quality Manager.- 1.3.6 Communication.- 1.4 BS 5750 Specification, Production and Installation.- 1.4.1 Introduction.- 1.4.2 Quality System Requirements.- 1.5 The Detail.- 1.5.1 Departmental Manuals.- 1.5.2 Management Responsibility.- 1.5.3 Responsibility and Authority.- 1.5.4 The Policy Manual.- 1.5.5 Quality System.- 1.5.6 Contract Review.- 1.5.7 Document Control.- 1.5.8 Purchasing.- 1.5.9 Purchaser-Supplied Product.- 1.5.10 Product Identification and Traceability.- 1.5.11 Process Control.- 1.5.12 Inspection and Testing.- 1.5.13 Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment.- 1.5.14 Inspection and Test Status.- 1.5.15 Control of Non-Conforming Products.- 1.5.15 Corrective Action.- 1.5.16 Handling, Storage, Packing and Delivery.- 1.5.17 Quality Records.- 1.5.18 Internal Quality Audits.- 1.5.19 Training.- 1.6 The Assessment.- 1.6.1 Outline.- 1.6.2 The Pre-assessment.- 1.7 Conclusion.- Note.- 2 Essential oils.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Production of Essential Oils.- 2.2.1 Steam Distillation.- 2.2.2 Water Distillation.- 2.2.3 Dry Distillation Methods.- 2.2.4 Expression of Oils.- 2.2.5 Extraction.- 2.3 Further Processing of Essential Oils.- 2.3.1 Rectification.- 2.3.2 Washed Oils.- 2.3.3 Oil Quality.- 2.4 The Uses of Essential Oils.- 2.5 The Composition of Essential Oils.- 2.5.1 Bitter Almond Oil.- 2.5.2 Bergamot Oil.- 2.5.3 Buchu Leaf Oil.- 2.5.4 Cassia Oil.- 2.5.5 Cinnamon Oil.- 2.5.6 Clove Oil.- 2.5.7 Coriander Oil.- 2.5.8 Cornmint Oil.- 2.5.9 Cumin Seed Oil.- 2.5.10 Davana Oil.- 2.5.11 Dill Oil.- 2.5.12 Eucalyptus Oil.- 2.5.13 Garlic Oil.- 2.5.14 Ginger Oil.- 2.5.15 Grapefruit Oil.- 2.5.16 Jasmin Concrete and Absolute.- 2.5.17 Lemongrass Oil.- 2.5.18 Lemon Oil.- 2.5.19 Lime Oil.- 2.5.20 Litsea Cubeba Oil.- 2.5.21 Nutmeg Oil.- 2.5.22 Peppermint Oil.- 2.5.23 Rose Oil.- 2.5.24 Rosemary Oil.- 2.5.25 Spearmint Oil.- 2.5.26 Star Anise Oil.- 2.5.27 Sweet Orange Oil.- 2.5.28 Tangerine Oil.- 2.5.29 Thyme Oil.- 3 Oleoresins, tinctures and extracts.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 General Comments.- 3.1.2 Costs.- 3.1.3 Raw Materials and Processes.- 3.2 Plant Materials.- 3.2.1 Origin.- 3.2.2 Crop to Crop Variations.- 3.2.3 Storage.- 3.2.4 Yield.- 3.2.5 Degradation.- 3.2.6 Preparation of Plant Material.- 3.2.7 Vanilla Bean Curing (Classical Method).- 3.3 Solvents.- 3.3.1 Polarity.- 3.3.2 Boiling Point.- 3.3.3 Viscosity.- 3.3.4 Latent Heat of Evaporation.- 3.3.5 Temperature/Pressure.- 3.4 Tinctures.- 3.4.1 Water Infusions.- 3.4.2 Alcoholic Tinctures.- 3.5 Oleoresins.- 3.5.1 Solvents.- 3.5.2 Solubility.- 3.5.3 Commercial Solvent Extraction System.- 3.6 Absolutes 77 3.6.1 Solvents.- 3.7 Extraction with Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent.- 3.7.1 Introduction.- 3.7.2 Subcritical C02.- 3.7.3 SupercriticalC02.- 3.8 Summary.- 4 Fruit juices.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Fruit processing.- 4.2.1 GeneralConsiderations.- 4.2.2 Soft Fruit Processing.- 4.3 Specialised Fruit Processing.- 4.3.1 Citrus.- 4.3.2 Comminuted Citrus Bases.- 4.3.3 Pineapple Juice.- 4.3.4 Processes Requiring Heat.- 4.4 Products and Packaging.- 4.4.1 Frozen Juices.- 4.4.2 Aseptic Packaging.- 4.4.3 Self-Preserved Juice.- 4.4.4 Preserved Juice.- 4.4.5 Hot Pack Products.- 4.5 Product Specifications.- 4.5.1 Soluble Solids Content.- 4.5.2 Titratable Acidity.- 4.5.3 Brix/Acid Ratio.- 4.5.4 Other Specifications.- 4.5.5 Juice Adulteration.- 4.5.6 Specifications for Essence/Volatiles/Citrus Oils.- 4.6 Volatile Components of Fruit Juices.- 4.6.1 Production.- 4.6.2 Composition of Fruit Juice Volatile Fractions.- 4.7 The Use of Fruit Juices in Flavourings.- 4.7.1 Fruit Juice Compounds.- 4.7.2 Flavourings.- 4.8 Summary.- 5 Synthetic ingredients of food flavourings.- 5.1 General Aspects.- 5.1.1 Introduction, Definitions an...