This is a fully revised Second Edition of a well-structured textbook that offers essential knowledge on the vascular system. The reader will learn the properties, basic cellular mechanisms, and development of the different parts of the vascular system (including the heart and lung), gain knowledge on vascular and related diseases, and will be made familiar with common and most current methods and techniques applied to analyze the vascular system in patients, animal models, and ex vivo. This book is based on a Ph.D. Course for students from various scientific backgrounds given at the Medical University of Vienna, and it will be a valuable resource for Master´s Students in vascular biology and biomedicine in general and a helpful tool for young researchers worldwide wishing to gain or refresh their knowledge in this field.