Space medicine is crucial for understanding the effects of space travel on the human body, ensuring the health and safety of astronauts during missions. Its advancements also have broader implications for global health, influencing medical technologies and research that can benefit Earth-based healthcare. The field contributes to sustainable development by improving spacecraft and habitat designs for long-duration space missions. Additionally, space medicine fosters innovation, gender equality, and international partnerships, while addressing complex ethical and legal considerations. This knowledge not only supports space exploration but also enhances healthcare practices on Earth. Innovations and Challenges in Space Medicine and Healthcare explores space medicine's history, relevance, and impact on global health and sustainable development. It explores the effects of space travel on the human body, medical technologies and research, spacecraft and habitat design, and case studies in space medicine healthcare. Covering topics such as female astronauts, microbiomes, and space travel, this book is an excellent resource for policymakers, healthcare leaders, healthcare professionals, researchers, students, educators, industry professionals, and more.