This title was first published in 2000:  This work concerns the personnel and career management of scientists employed in four research settings: universities, government laboratories, research institutes and industrial laboratories. Its purpose is to describe and explain processes and practices, giving equal prominence to men and women in science. It explores the contexts in which the people (the scientific human resource) who are responsible for creating scientific knowledge carry out their work and build their careers. It draws on an empirical study of career management among research scientists in the four types of research setting and additional interest stems from issues concerning employment of "professional" staff at a time when organizations are undergoing enormous change.