The in-depth study of kidneys along with their diseases is known as nephrology. Nanonephrology and onconephrology are two significant and upcoming branches of nephrology. Nanopherology deals with the study of kidney cells and the nanoparticles which are useful in treating several kidney diseases. Onconephrology deals with the study of kidney diseases in cancer patients. Kidney diseases cause a loss of kidney function which can potentially result in renal failure and the complete loss of kidney function. The most common and the most effective treatments for treating kidney diseases include renal replacement therapy, proper diet and medications. Renal replacement therapy involves dialysis and kidney transplantation. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of nephrology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this field at various levels.