Neuroimaging is a specialized field of medical imaging that uses a wide range of structural and functional imaging techniques to study the structure and function of the CNS and the brain. Neurology makes use of quantitative techniques. From large sectional anatomy to the subatomic level, structural neuroimaging encompasses all scales of anatomical imaging. The primary methods for structural neuroimaging are computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Radiology is a medical specialty that involves the use of medical imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. Radiology, unlike neuroimaging, uses qualitative methods based on subjective impressions and substantial clinical training but it does occasionally employ quantitative tools. Functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are standard in neuroimaging but uncommon in radiology. This book discusses the fundamental and modern approaches to neuroimaging. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted worldwide on various topics related to neuroimaging and radiology. This book will serve as a source of comprehensive knowledge to the readers.