Neuroscience is the field of science concerned with the study of the nervous system. It deals with the study of neurons at all levels, from cellular and molecular studies to the imaging of the sensory motor tasks occurring in the brain. Neuroscience is a vast subject with diverse focuses pertaining to the nervous system. It branches out into a number of specializations, chief among which are molecular neuroscience, cellular neuroscience, systems neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, etc. Some of the fundamental questions addressed in cellular and molecular neuroscience are how neurons process signals electrochemically and physiologically, and how neurons respond to molecular signals and axons form connectivity patterns. Studies of the nervous system are applied in clinical practice in the domains of psychiatry, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropathology, psychosurgery, etc. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of neuroscience. It discusses the fundamentals as well as modern approaches of neuroscience from the levels of molecular mechanisms to clinical practice. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of the subject.