Mechanical engineering, an engineering discipline born of the needs of the in­ dustrial revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face profound issues of productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among others. The Mechanical Engineering Series is a series featuring graduate texts and research monographs intended to address the need for information in contemporary areas of mechanical engineering. The series is conceived as a comprehensive one that covers a broad range of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate education and research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of consulting editors, each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the consulting editors are listed on page ii of this volume. The areas of concentration are applied mathematics, biomechanics, computational mechanics, dynamic systems and control, energetics, mechanics of materials, processing, thermal science, and tribology. Austin, Texas Frederick F. Ling Preface Optimization is an area of mathematics that is concerned with finding the "best" points, curves, surfaces, and so on. "Best" is determined by minimizing some measure of performance subject to equality and inequality constraints. Points are constrained by algebraic equations; curves are constrained by or­ dinary differential equations and algebraic equations; surfaces are constrained by partial differential equations, ordinary differential equations, and algebraic equations.