Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious microvascular complications of diabetes, and has become the leading cause of CKD. Its pathophysiological mechanism is complex and intricate. The stereotypical history of diabetic nephropathy passes through various stages that are accompanied by histological lesions that remain silent for a long time. Unfortunately, while this sequence is well described in T1DM, it is much more difficult to identify in T2DM, and it is therefore essential to identify impaired renal function at an early stage by measuring creatinine (GFR estimation) and microalbuminuria on an annual basis.Given that these investigative tools have had their limitations in use, and are sometimes insensitive to the detection of early renal failure, it would make sense to assay biomarkers of renal function that can optimize early detection strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. These biomarkers will be classified according to the renal structure affected by the pathological process.cys C and ß 2 M.