This book presents a detailed account on fundamental concepts and principles in the field of cardiothoracic surgery. The domain of cardiothoracic surgery continues to grow at a fast expanding rate. Novel technologies are undergoing continuous advancement and with cases of patients with more developed pathophysiology and intricate comorbidities, management becomes more reliant on multi-disciplinary teams. Although there are a number of complicated, important and comprehensive topics which are center of attention for various practitioners and physicians, it is the basics, both in terms of severe and seldom unusual problems that often challenge cardiothoracic surgeons on a daily basis. The aim of this book is to shed light on the present state-of-the-art management of these problems.