Sugar, a simple carbohydrate, provides a rapid energy boost but is linked to health issues like obesity, diabetes, and dental caries. Sucrose, in particular, promotes tooth decay by fostering plaque buildup and acid production by bacteria. Sugar substitutes, both artificial (e.g., aspartame) and natural (e.g., stevia), offer sweetening alternatives with fewer calories, reducing the risk of cavities and weight gain. Sugar alcohols like xylitol also provide sweetness with lower calorie content and reduced dental risks. However, excessive consumption of sugar alcohols can cause digestive issues. While sugar substitutes help lower calorie intake, moderation is crucial, especially for people with diabetes, as these alternatives can still impact blood sugar levels. Balancing sugar and substitute consumption remains key to minimizing health risks and maintaining overall well-being.