This book is the third in a series of lectures of the Ś eminaire Poincaŕ e,whichis directed towards a large audience of physicists and of mathematicians. The goal of this seminar is to provide up to date information about general topics of great interest in physics. Both the theoretical and experimental aspects are covered, with some historical background. Inspired by the Bourbaki seminar in mathematics in its organization, hence nicknamed “Bourbaphi”, this Poincaŕ e Seminar is held twice a year at the Institut Henri Poincaŕ ein Paris,with contri- tions prepared in advance. A particular care is devoted to the pedagogical nature of the presentation so as to fulfill the goal of being readable by a large audience of scientists. ThisvolumecontainsthesixthsuchSeminar,heldin2004.Itisdevotedtothe Quantum Hall Effect. After a historical and general presentation by Nobel prize Klaus von Klitzing, discoverer of this effect, the volume proceeds with reviews on the mathematics and physics of both the integer and fractional case, and includes up to date presentations of the tunneling and metrology experiments related to the Quantum Hall Effect. We hopethat the publicationof this serieswill servethe community of phy- cists and mathematicians at professional or graduate student level. ´ We thank the Commissariat 'al’Energie Atomique (Division des Sciences de laMatì ere),theCentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifique(SciencesPhysiqueet Mat&hacute; ematiques), and the Daniel Iagolnitzer Foundation for sponsoring the Se- nar. Special thanks are due to Chantal Delongeas for the preparation of the m- uscript.