The modern political consciousness of Japan cannot be understood without reference to the history of the Tokugawa period, the era between 1600 and 1868 that preceded Japan's modern transformation. In this volume Tetsuo Najita introduces the ideas of the leading political thinker of the period, Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728), providing an important insight into the history and politics of contemporary Japan. Sorai's texts are accompanied by a chronology of his life, a glossary, a guide to persons mentioned in the text, and a guide to further reading, as well as Professor Najita's introduction, which puts the work into philosophical and historical context.