This latest volume in the World Yearbook of Education Series focuses on assessment systems and efforts to advance equity in education at a time of growing inequalities. It considers new economic trends and investigates how constraints appear to be influencing assessment and identification practices. The volume is organized around the following main issues: political motives behind the expansion of an assessment industry; the associated expansion of an SEN industry, and; growth in consequential accountability systems. It ultimately seeks to provide reframings and reconceptualizations of assessment and identification by offering new insights into economic and cultural trends influencing them.